How Negative Thinking Patterns Affect Anxiety

How Negative Thinking Patterns Affect Anxiety Panic Disorder Coping Print Negative Thinking Patterns and Your Beliefs By Katharina Star, PhD facebook linkedin Katharina Star, PhD, is an expert on anxiety and panic disorder. Dr. Star is a professional counselor, and she is trained in creative art therapies and mindfulness. Learn about our editorial policy Katharina Star, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 29, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 16, 2019 Zero Creatives/Cultura/Getty Images More in Panic Disorder Coping Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Related Conditions According to theories of cognitive therapy, your thoughts and values determine the way you see yourself and the world around you. Thoughts and beliefs that are grounded in pessimism can negatively impact your feelings, emotions, and mental health. These harmful perceptions are common issues that can contribute to the symptoms of mood and anxiety disorders. Self-Defeating Beliefs and Negative Thinking Patterns In order to overcome negative thinking patterns and self-defeating beliefs, it is important to understand the definitions and differences between these two concepts. Self-defeating beliefs: Your belief system is made up of your personal views, attitudes, and values. Your beliefs are always with you, shaping the way in which you see yourself and the world around you. Self-defeating beliefs can set you up for failure and dissatisfaction. For instance, if it is your belief that your self-worth is solely determined by your accomplishments, you will only feel fulfilled when you are excelling at your career, achieving your goals, or reaching a desired level of status. Self-defeating beliefs fall into two categories: intrapersonal beliefs you have about yourself and interpersonal beliefs about your relationships. Intrapersonal Perfectionism Approval Achievement Interpersonal Blame Submissiveness Fear of conflict Negative thinking patterns: Unlike self-defeating beliefs, negative thinking patterns are not always with you. Rather, they only surface when you are faced with an issue. Also known as cognitive distortions, these negative thoughts will come to mind during times of stress and reinforce your self-defeating beliefs. For instance, perhaps you hold the self-defeating belief that your worth is solely defined by your achievements. You may feel okay as long as you are able to consistently reach your goals. However, when faced with unforeseen setbacks or obstacles, negative thinking patterns may cause you to over-analyze or exaggerate the severity of a situation, ultimately triggering unfounded anxiety. In such circumstances, you may begin to have negative thoughts, such as labeling yourself a “failure” or blaming yourself for not reaching your goal. You may think to yourself, “I will never be a success” or “it must not have been meant to be.” Over time, these thoughts can lower one’s self-esteem and may even contribute to the symptoms of depression and panic disorder. This Type of Negative Thinking May Be Adding to Your Anxiety Overcoming These Thoughts Our personal beliefs are learned and developed over time, making them very difficult to change. Similarly, thought patterns become a habitual way of thinking that is so ingrained, we are often unaware of them. However, there are ways to break the cycle of self-defeating beliefs and negative thinking patterns. To rise above your self-defeating beliefs and negative thoughts, start by recognizing when these issues come up in your life. For instance, notice your outlook on life and how you react to different problems. Do you face your problems head-on or do you succumb to negative thoughts? Is life full of possibilities or do you see the glass as always being half-empty? After you start acknowledging self-defeating beliefs and negative thinking patterns, take back control by challenging them. For example, if youre feeling inadequate, question if its true that others only accept you free of flaws and imperfections. Are you really a “loser” if you do not attain a certain amount of success? Do you always fail at what you set out to accomplish? How Perfectionism Can Contribute to Anxiety Continue to dispute your beliefs and thoughts, replacing them with more positive and realistic ones. When you start confronting your negative views, you can begin to notice how many of them are not true in your life. Instead of assuming the worst, you may think to yourself that you feel disappointed you did not reach a certain goal, but accept that you are learning and growing from your mistakes and setbacks. Developing new beliefs and ways of thinking will require some extra effort and consistency on your part. Through monitoring, confronting, and rethinking your negative thoughts and beliefs, you can unlearn or change them to more nurturing, empowering, and encouraging ways of viewing your life. Over time, you may be able to shift your thoughts and beliefs to more positive and realistic ones.

Factors Affecting the Switching for Cellular Service Providers in Pakistan - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2476 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? A Study on Factors Affecting the Switching for Cellular Service Providers in Pakistan Abstract Due to expansion of industry customers are shifting from one service provider to another very often. This research aims to find the reasons after the customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s switching behaviour in cellular services sector of Pakistan. To conduct the research, we surveyed 100 respondents in Sahiwal. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Factors Affecting the Switching for Cellular Service Providers in Pakistan" essay for you Create order The survey was based on a self-administered questionnaire. Respondents were selected on ease basis. After examining the collected results, we inferred that the customer retention is highly depending on Call and SMS rates and then on network service. Companies have to focus on these factors to keep their current customers and make them dedicated enough that they could have a long retention period with the company. Key words: Brand switching, Brand loyalty, Price, Sales promotion. Introduction Brand switching is the process of shifting from use of one product or brand to consistent usage of a different but similar product. Mostly advertisements are aimed at encouraging brand switching among consumers, thus helping the brand to increase its market share. It is critical to collect basic information about the switching process to understand why customers shift to another brand. There can be number of factors that can affect the switching behaviour of customers like brand loyalty, price, sales promotion etc. Brand loyalty is where a customer buys products from the same supplier again and again rather than from other suppliers. Brand is the only thing that can differentiate the goods and services from the other ones. Therefore, most of the companies spend a huge amount on the brand to make it different from others in order to develop the brand loyalty. Sales promotion is a collection of different marketing incentives, mostly for short time period, which is planned to support a quicker and chubby consumer/customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s purchasing on particular products (Kotler and Keller, 2009). Previous studies have reported the significance of promotion in influencing consumer behaviour. Examples consist of contests, coupons, freebies, loss leaders, point of purchase displays, premiums, prizes, and product samples. In view of the fact that there is huge investment in cellular industry, so in return there have to be some charges for using cellular servi ces. These charges depend on many factors like technology, services, maintenance and taxes etc; customers are keen to pay certain amount of money for using cellular services, and service providers want a profit from their share. So price can also affect the switching behaviour of consumers. Introduction of Telecom sector in Pakistan Cellular industry of Pakistan is very competitive and progressive market which requires new ventures to be explored by cellular operators and eventually delivered to consumers. There were 5 million cellular subscribers in 2004, cellular subscribers jumped to 100 million in 2010. Firstly voice had been the centre of cellular operators since the inauguration of cellular mobile services in Pakistan but now the centre of attention is changing towards value added services (non-voice). Cellular division of Pakistan is well-known for inexpensive mobile connection charges, reduced tariffs, approximately total coverage and superior mobile services for the general public all over the country. As of Today, cellular teledensity has reached 62.5% that was just 3.3% in 2004 whereas approximately 92% of the land area and more than 10,000 cities/towns/villages are under the umbrella of by cellular services. From only 2000 cell sites to 30,417 in just six years, cellular services have spread to every part of the country. Yet, there still exist challenges for industry in a similar way such as quality of service, intense taxation, lack of local substance on mobile phones and monetary decelerate. According to figures made available by telecom operators, there were 104 million cellular subscribers in Pakistan at the end of January, 2011 as compared to 99.2 million at the end of June, 2010 screening a net boost of 4.8 million subscribers over the last seven months. Mobilink is at the top with 32.1 million subscribers followed by Telenor with 25.1 million cellular subscribers. Ufone is at third with a subscriber base of 20.4 milli on while Warid has 17.6 million subscribers and Zong holds 8.9 million figures till January, 2011. Brand Switching (Richard Lee, Jamie Murphy, University of Western Australia,2005), their study investigates determinants that cause mobile phone Customers to transit from being loyal to switching. It concluded that different factors like price and switching cost can influence the switching behaviour of customers. But, the priority is given to the price that it is the most important factor that can influence customers to switch from one brand to another. Still, (Assael, 2004) finds your people switch companies simply because they want to try one thing emerging. He concluded in which often customer base change as they are variety seekers in addition they always would like to try something new. There is excellent role concerning brand name commitment at sustainability of brand name (Howell, 2004), the more their customers are devoted to the brand the profitability of brand name w ill likely to be maximum. However, brand switching can be a happen of decrease while increasing inside that brand commitment and the determination to purchase other brand is some time period decrease and augment. . (McAlister 1982, p.142) concluded that marketing variables, like price, product design, advertising additionally circulation and situational variables can affect your switching intention associated with the customer base. (Roos Gustafsson, 2007) argued there are 2 different types of customer base throughout the switching process; active and passive customers. The active users are those that actively search for brand new suggestions and alternative available. These have actually more information more than a products and exactly how to compare various products. Such users often ask the new company by themselves and are aware to what they want. Passive switchers have always been customers who get influenced with a third person could stay family or even buddy and might not be aware of alternatives available inside consumers. That it cannot suggest that they donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t want to switch starting one brand inside another. (Kotler and/or Gertner, 2002) stated that users that are loyal they do not have any intent to change towards other provider, additionally (Lee and Murphy, 2006) asserted the same thing it customer loyalty actually result of customer satisfaction; the greater the clients is pleased the more they are loyal plus they have low intent of switching to different suppliers. Thus, when clients get loyal in order to a certain firm, they spend considerably money than less loyal customers and their switching intent decreases. Selection searching intention means which regarding that behaviours concerning switching brands and shops; there are definitely fewer possibilities to purchasing the same brand at the long term. In cases where a consumer has higher range seeking purpose then there tend to be increasing possibilities to switc hing from a brand to another.(Kahn, 1995; Ratneshwar and Mick, 2005). (Kim, 2009) consented which many customers that revisited the service provider are satisfied to they often come with minimal variety seeking intention, as a result of their satisfaction with this product then low selection searching purpose theyve lower switching intent as compared to users whom possessed a extreme type-searching orientation. They are affected by new stimuli and additionally they had been apt to change service providers. On above results conclude which customers with low selection-looking for orientation to that pleased with a product or perhaps a service leads inside their intent in order to revisit a company. Consumer dissatisfaction then the necessity in order to seek variants have significantly influenced regarding brand-switching decision. Product or service category characteristics do not affect brand-switching decision. The need to seek variations moderates the effects of consumer dis satisfaction and/or system characteristics category on brand-switching decision. (Junaedy Dharmmesta, 2002). Sales marketing shows significantly affected on brand-switching decision (Nagar, 2009). (Oyeniyi, Omotayo* and Abiodun Abolaji Joachim, 2008), He attempts to find the connection between Customer service on Customer retention in telecommunication business in Nigeria. If retention is not managed, Customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s respect might lost. He analyzes the potential constructs inside Customer retention through investigating that chain concerning impacts concerning retention after Customer service, satisfaction, value and/or behavioural intention. On hypotheses are supported except that a greater level of client satisfaction does not induce Customer loyalty. Customer satisfaction doesnt really lead to userà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s commitment. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s thought which as soon as the client is truly satisfied, then commitment towards their telecom company are strengt hened. Their outcome, even more show it the respondents at his or her research have a positive impression towards their telecom companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ability to meet their changing specifications. Problem statement Due to growth of industry customers have every chance of switching the mobile service provider. Objectives There are two objectives of this research which are: To classify the factors that affects the consumers into switching the service provider. To find the most preferred service provider in Pakistan. Scope This study can be extended to other geographical areas within the country. It can be extended to study the custom of mobile services of different age groups and for that reason new plans can be formulated. Variables Total four variables are involved: one dependent and three independent. These variables are derived from an examination of the theoretical and empirical researches relating to customer switching behaviour. Brand switching is dependent variable and brand loyalty, sales promotion and price are independent variables. Hypothesis Development On the basis of above literature following hypothesis are developed: Ho: Brand Loyalty has not negative impact on brand switching decision. H1: Brand Loyalty has negative impact on brand switching decision. Ho: Price has negative impact on brand switching decision. H2: Price has negative impact on brand switching decision. Ho: Sales Promotion has positive effect on brand switching decision. H3: Sal es Promotion has positive effect on brand switching decision. Research methodology Research Design The research design is Descriptive research design. Data Collection In this survey, the primary data was collected through structured questionnaires. The secondary data was obtained through different literature reviews and articles. Sampling It is a category of non probability sampling which involves the sample being drained from that part of the population which is close to hand. We selected 100 customers from sample frame in Sahiwal based on ease. . Research Instrument The questionnaires consist of multiples choice questions (MCQs) with single response and multiple responses. Also five point scale of likert is used to check the reliability of variables. Data Analyses and Interpretations As mentioned above, I took the sample of 100 users of cell phone in Sahiwal. Out of those 100 respondents, the highest frequency was for Ufone that is 28% of total s ample size i.e. 28 respondents. Then the Jazz was the second largest market share that is 24% i.e. 24respondents. After this, Warid market share is 20% i.e. 20 respondents. Telenor and Zong also increase its market share 18% and 12% respectively. On the basis of data that we collected it is also checked that how many SIMs a person is using currently. It is concluded that out of 100 respondents 54% are using only one SIM, 38% are using two SIMs and only 8% are using three SIMs. We also collected data about the preferences of customers that either customer prefers price, service or offerings of a service provider. Out of hundred 68% of respondents prefer service, 12% prefer price and 20% prefer offerings while selecting a provider. We also asked out the respondents that how long they have been customers of the service provider. 12 % respondents are using the network from less than one year, 32% are using from 1-3 years and 56% respondents are using from 3-5 years. And finally respondents were asked to tell that which thing attracts them more either internet, SMS or call offerings. Out of hundred 22% responded that they are attracted by internet offerings, 54% by SMS offerings and 24% are attracted by call offerings. Statistical Analysis Reliability Statistics Cronbachs Alpha N of Items .865 3 The value of Cronbachs Alpha is 0.865 and accepted value for data is 0.7 so data is reliable. (George and Mallery, 2003, p.231) provide the following rules of thumb: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“_ .9 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Excellent, _ .8 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Good, _ .7 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Acceptable, _ .6 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Questionable, _ .5 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Poor, and _ .5 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Unacceptableà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Descriptive Statistics N Range Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation Skewness Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Std. Error BLtotal 100 2.67 2.33 5.00 3.9533 .67340 -.495 .241 SPtotal 100 3.00 2.00 5.00 3.8600 .59963 -.536 .241 Ptotal 100 3.33 1.67 5.00 3.8133 .73446 -.727 .241 Valid N (listwise) 100 The minimum values of brand loyalty, price and sales promotions are 2.33, 2 and 1.67 respectively. The maximum value of brand loyalty, price and sales promotion is 5. The average mean of variables is 3.87553. Standard deviations of brand loyalty, price and sales promotions are 0.67340, 0.59963 and 0.73446 respectively. Correlation Analysis Correlations BLtotal Ptotal SPtotal BLtotal Pearson Correlation 1 .708** .623** Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 N 100 100 100 Ptotal Pearson Correlation .708** 1 .725** Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 N 100 100 100 SPtotal Pearson Correlation .623** .725** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 N 100 100 100 **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). The relationship between brand loyalty and price is strong. The relationship between brand loyalty and sales promotion is moderate and the relationship between price and sales promotion is strong. Findings: From this research author found that Ufone is most preferred network in Sahiwal. Also this research reveals that most of the customers in Sahiwal are using two networks. Most of the customers in Sahiwal gave preference to service rather than price and offerings. In this research we also found that customers are mostly attracted by the SMS offerings of service provider. This research also supported our hypothesis that brand loyalty, price and sales promotions are the factors that affect the switching behaviour of customers. Conclusion From the above research author concluded that the telecom industry of Pakistan is growing day by day and becoming more competitive. Customers have every chance of switching the service provider. In order to retain the customers company should focused on their service and offerings. Brand loyalty, sales promotion and price have an effect on brand switching decision so companies should focus in these areas in order to retain the customers. Most of the customers are concerned with the services that are offered by the company to them rather than price, so companies should focus on improving its services. References 1. https://propakistani.pk/2011/05/20/cellular-sector-of-pakistan-overview/ 2. Roos, I., Edvardsson, B. Gustafsson, A. (2004). Customer Switching Patterns in Competitive and Non- competitive Service Industries. Journal of Service research, 6, 1-16. 3. Lee, Richard and Murphy, Jamie (2005) From Loyalty to Switching: Exploring Determinants in the Tra nsition, ANZMAC 2005, Perth, Australia, December. 4. Nagar, K. (2009). Evaluating the Effect of Consumer Sales Promotions on Brand Loyal and Brand Switching Segments, Journal of Business Perspective (October-December) No. 4. Vol. 13, 35-48. 5. Assael, H. (2004). Consumer Behavior and Marketing Action, 6th Ed, Cincinnati OH; South Western College Publishing. 6. Kotler, P. Keller, K. L. (2009). Marketing Management 13th Ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. 7. Junaedy, S. Dharmmesta, B. S. (2002). The Influence of Consumer Dissatisfaction, Characteristics Product Category, and Variety Seeking on Brand Switching, Journal of Economics and Business Indonesia Vol. 17 No. 17(1), 91-104. 8. Howell, D. (2004), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s consumers more open to try new brandsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , DSN Retailing Today. 9. McAlister, L. (1982). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A Dynamic Attribute Satiation Model of Variety-Seeking Behaviorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Jour nal of Consumer Research, Vol.9, September, pp.141-150. 10. George, D., Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference. 11.0 update(4thed.). Boston: Allyn Bacon.

Transportation Difficulties Faced by IPC Students Living...

Transportation Difficulties Faced by IPC Students Living on Campus 1. Introduction This research project will look into the transportation difficulties faced by IPC students living on campus. The purpose of the research is to highlight the main difficulties faced by the students living on campus. The researcher decided to choose this topic because in IPC many students are facing difficulties with this issue, and also because of his experience while living on campus. For that reason, the findings of this research project might be a serious topic to be discussed by the authorities at IPC and the transportation company in Palmerston North. 2. Research Statement This research project will look into the transportation difficulties faced by IPC students living on campus. It was conducted during term 1, 2014 on IPC campus Palmerston North. 3. Research Questions 1. What are the transportation difficulties to town and back to campus? 2. How does it affect the student part time job and study? 3. How are students managing time to be on schedule? 4. Methodology This research used primary, qualitative methods. It was carried out by interviewing three students who are currently enrolled in IPC. The semi-structured interview was done according to the interview guide (see Appendix 1) and to ensure confidentiality, it took place in IPC library research room with no other people present. The participants are two Vietnamese students and one Japanese student who are currently studying inShow MoreRelatedChemical Hazards43022 Words   |  173 PagesAnalysis Safety Promotional Activities Other Areas of Attention Storages 47 47 47 48 48 48 49 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.4.1 6.4.2 6.4.3 6.4.4 6.4.5 6.4.6 6.4.7 6.4.8 6.4.9 Guidelines for Transport Accidents Air Transportation Maritime Transportation Rail Transportation Road Transportation Recommendations for MAH Units Recommendations for Transporters Recommendations for Drivers Recommendations for Authorities Highway DMP Avoidable HAZCHEM Traffic Training Police Personnel HAZMAT Vans List of Technical

Cultural imperialism Free Essays

This concept of cultural Imperialism is the argument that a large bulk of media products flow from the West, especially the United States, and so powerfully shape the cultures of other nations that they amount to a cultural form of domination† (Croteau, Hoynes, and Milan Location 8298). In this essay I will explain whether or not this concept provides a useful framework to understand global media, what the strengths and weaknesses are, and will provide example from ll aspects of this concept Cultural Imperialism is the extension of a countries power and influence on many other nations through, in this case, media production. Western corporations embed values and images of Western society in the media products sold. We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural imperialism or any similar topic only for you Order Now The United States has, for many years, been the most dominant nation when it comes to media and the production of media. American films and music dominates the world’s media and could be found in almost every country. â€Å"There Is no denying the overwhelming presence that U. S. culture has in other countries. American television, films, and music are common In most societies across the globe. â€Å"(Croteau, Hoynes, and Milan Location 8298). For an example, you don’t see many artists from Spain coming to the united States on tour and performing at Madison Square Garden. However, you do have many artists from America (most of the main artists), like Pitbull and Miley Cyrus, going on tour in almost every continent. â€Å"For example, global music stars such as Michael Jackson and Lady Gaga were able to sell albums regardless of linguistic differences. † (Croteau, Hoynes, and Milan Location 8298). There is a big reason why this cultural imperialism lies in the hands of the United States. That is because of the substantial budgets that the U. S projects have. This concept provides a useful framework to understand global media. Since the U. S. has all of this money from the constant consumption of their product, they have the money to afford technological Innovation. â€Å"All these things are very expensive to produce† more expensive than most non-U. S. production studios can afford. † (Croteau, Hoynes, and Milan Location 8433). One reason why some U. S. media products have been so successful is that U. S. projects tend to have substantial budgets, resulting in very creative and attractive production values. Therefore, since some nations simply do not have the resources to develop the infrastructure necessary to produce high-quality media products, like the ones produced in the U. S. , it is basically cheaper to buy U. S. made products to produce their own, which yet again leaves the U. S as the dominant media producer. However, there are a few weaknesses with the limitations of cultural imperialism. These limitations are: 1) It does not distinguish different types of media. U. S. products dominate sectors, such as the movie Industry, while other media continue to be mostly local, such as print. ) It assumes a passive audience, which means that we do not know If the other countries are Interpreting U. S. media products differently or as Intended by the media. 3) underestimates the role played by local media producers. Locally produced media content, flnely attuned to local culture, tends to De enormously popular. Local producers nave In some cases successTully competed ith the global med ia companies by providing local alternatives that distinguish themselves from international media fare. The biggest example of a vibrant film industry outside of the West is not new at all. â€Å"Bollywood,† the section of the Indian film industry specializing in Hindi-language films, is based in Mumbai and dates back to the silent film era of the early 20th century. † (Croteau, Hoynes, and Milan Location 8419). In conclusion, cultural imperialism is the extension of a countries power and influence on many other nations through, in this case, media production, which is ominated by the U. S. Since they have the substantial budget to effective create new technological inventions and continuously creating the highest profitable films and music, no other country is able to compete. â€Å"The basic argument of the cultural imperialism thesis was that Western media products introduced into other countries, especially â€Å"developing† countries, contributed to a decline in local traditional values and promoted, instead, values associated with capitalism. † (Croteau, Hoynes, and Milan Location 6322) How to cite Cultural imperialism, Papers

Virtual Essays - Virtual Reality, Cyberspace, Virtual World

Virtual Reality Reality is to trick the human senses, to help people believe and uphold an illusion. Virtual reality engineers are space makers, to a certain degree they create space for people to play around in. A space maker sets up a world for an audience to act directly within, and not just so the audience can imagine they are experiencing a reality, but so they can experience it directly. "The film maker says, 'Look, I'll show you.' The space maker says, 'Here, I'll help you discover.' However, what will the space maker help us discover?" "Are virtual reality systems going to serve as supplements to our lives, or will individuals so miserable in their daily existence find an obsessive refuge in a preferred cyberspace? What is going to be included, deleted, reformed, and revised? Will virtual reality systems be used as a means of breaking down cultural, racial, and gender barriers between individuals and thus nurture human values?" During this century, responsive technologies are moving even closer to us, becoming the standard interface through which we gain much of our experience. The ultimate result of living in a cybernetic world may create an artificial global city. Instead of a global village, virtual reality may create a global city, the distinction being that the city contains enough people for groups to form affiliations, in which individuals from different cultures meet together in the same space of virtual reality. The city might be laid out according to a three dimensional environment that dictates the way people living in different countries may come to communicate and understand other cultures. A special camera, possibly consisting of many video cameras, would capture and transmit every view of the remote locations. Viewers would receive instant feedback as they turn their heads. Any number of people could be looking through the same camera system. Although the example described here will probably take many years to develop, its early evolution has been under way for some time, with the steady march of technology moving from accessing information toward providing experience. As well, it is probably still childish to imagine the adoption of virtual reality systems on a massive scale because the starting price to own one costs about $300,000. Virtual Reality is now available in games and movies. An example of a virtual reality game is Escape From Castle Wolfenstein. In it, you are looking through the eyes of an escaped POW from a Nazi death camp. You must walk around in a maze of dungeons were you will eventually fight Hitler. One example of a virtual reality movie is Stephen King's The Lawnmower Man. It is about a mentally retarded man that uses virtual reality as a means of overcoming his handicap and becoming smarter. He eventually becomes crazy from his quest for power and goes into a computer. From there he is able to control most of the world's computers. This movie ends with us wondering if he will succeed in world domination. From all of this we have learned that virtual reality is already playing an important part in our world. Eventually, it will let us be able to date, live in other parts of the world without leaving the comfort of our own living room, and more. Even though we are quickly becoming a product of the world of virtual reality, we must not lose touch with the world of reality. For reality is the most important part of our lives. Bibliography Bains, S. "Surgeons Slice a Virtual Leg", New Scientist, Vol. 131, Pg. 28, July 6, 1991 Baudrillard, J., The Ecstasy of Communication, Translated by Bernard and Caroline Schutze, New York: Semiotext, 1987 Helsel, K. Virtual Reality-Theory, Practice, and Promise London: British Library, 1991 Neira, C. "The CAVE: Autovisual Experience Automatic Virtual Environment", Communications of the ACM, vol. 35, pg. 65-72, summer 1992 Venkat, P. "Integrating Virtual Reality", IEEE Transactions, vol. 36, pg. 35-38, 1991

Summary of the Movie Gladiator essays

Summary of the Movie Gladiator essays The movie that I chose to do my movie critique on was Gladiator. It was an enjoyable movie to watch. The director Ridley Scott directs a film by David Franzoni, to depict exactly what it was to be a gladiator and the adventure that they went through. From the infamous fights that took place in the Roman Coluseum, to the dramatic feeling that overcame Maximus (Russell Crowe) as his family was killed through the treacherous actions of his rival Commodus (Joaquin Phoenix). The movie Gladiator begins with the battle with Romanian Army under the leadership of Emperor Marcus Aurelius against the Barbarian Tribe of Germania. This scene showed many striking points. For instance take the scene and where it takes place. In many scenes of the movie the armies are dressed in traditional armor. The armor that they wore contained great detail. The roaring sounds from the crowd of soldiers being excited because they are so eager to go into battle to fight helps the viewer feel the excitement that is taking place in the movie. The music helps the viewer get feel like they are standing in the middle of the battle while it was taking place. The director used many sound effects that helped bring the movie to life, such as the clinking of the swords during the fight and the sound of arrows flying through the air. As the plot continues the Romanians win the battle and return home all the while Emperor Marcus Aurelius becomes ill and is on his last days. Knowing this he privately tells Maximus that he will be the next emperor in the event of his death. Before the announcement was made Marcus Aurelius was killed by his own son to prevent Maximus from being the next emperor. During this scene you can see that the lighting played a significant role because there were no electricity back then and lanterns and candles were the source of lighting. The lighting from the candles it shows just the faces of Marcus Aurelius ad Maximus as they discuss Maximus ta...

Element Group 15 - Nitrogen Family Facts

Element Group 15 - Nitrogen Family Facts The nitrogen family is element group 15 of the periodic table. Nitrogen family elements share a similar electron configuration pattern and follow predictable trends in their chemical properties. Also Known As: Elements belonging to this group are also known as pnictogens, at term derived from the Greek word pnigein, which means to choke. This refers to the choking property of nitrogen gas (as opposed to air, which contains oxygen as well as nitrogen). One way of remembering the identity of the pnictogen group is to remember the word starts with the symbols of two of its elements (P for phosphorus and N for nitrogen). The element family may also be termed pentels, which refers both to the elements formerly belonging to element group V and their characteristic of having 5 valence electrons. List of Elements in the Nitrogen Family The nitrogen family consists of five elements, which start with nitrogen on the periodic table and move down the group or column: nitrogenphosphorusarsenicantimonybismuth Its likely element 115, moscovium, also exhibits traits of the nitrogen family. Nitrogen Family Facts Here are some facts about the nitrogen family: Nitrogen family elements consists of atoms having 5 electrons in their outer energy level. Two of the electrons are in the s subshell, with 3 unpaired electrons in the ​p subshell.As you move down the nitrogen family: atomic radius increases, ionic radius increases, ionization energy decreases, and electronegativity decreases.Nitrogen family elements often form covalent compounds, usually with the oxidation numbers 3 or 5.Nitrogen and phosphorus are nonmetals. Arsenic and antimony are metalloids. Bismuth is a metal.Except for nitrogen, the elements are solid at room temperature.Element density increases moving down the family.Except for nitrogen and bismuth, the elements exist in two or more allotropic forms.Nitrogen family elements display a wide range of physical and chemical properties. Their compounds may be transparent, either diamagnetic or paramagnetic at room temperature, and may conduct electricity when heated. Because the atoms form double or triple bonds, the compou nds tend to be stable and potentially toxic. Element facts include crystal data for the most common allotropes and data for white phosphorus. Uses of Nitrogen Family Elements Two of the elements, nitrogen and phosphorus, are essential for life.Most of the Earths atmosphere consists of nitrogen gas, N2. Diatomic pnictogen molecules like this may be called pnictides. Because of their valence, pnictide atoms are connected by a covalent triple bond.Phosphorus is used in matches, fireworks, and fertilizer. Its also used to make phosphoric acid.Arsenic is toxic. It has been used as a poison and as a rodenticide.Antimony finds use in alloys.Bismuth is used in medications, paint, and as a catalyst. Nitrogen Family - Group 15 - Element Properties N P As Sb Bi melting point (Â °C) -209.86 44.1 817 (27 atm) 630.5 271.3 boiling point (Â °C) -195.8 280 613 (sublimes) 1750 1560 density (g/cm3) 1.25 x 10-3 1.82 5.727 6.684 9.80 ionization energy (kJ/mol) 1402 1012 947 834 703 atomic radius (pm) 75 110 120 140 150 ionic radius (pm) 146 (N3-) 212 (P3-) 76 (Sb3+) 103 (Bi3+) usual oxidation number -3, +3, +5 -3, +3, +5 +3, +5 +3, +5 +3 hardness (Mohs) none (gas) 3.5 3.0 2.25 crystal structure cubic (solid) cubic rhombohedral hcp rhombohedral Reference: Modern Chemistry (South Carolina). Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Harcourt Education (2009).